Koko's Data Center Eye View

2 selected energy records have undisclosed locations and appear only in the register. Regional policy markers are reference locations, not facility sites.

World · campuses

29

Operating

6

Under construction

17

Planned

4

Announced

2

Stalled or cut back

0

• Global data centre electricity, 2025

  485 TWh

  About 1.5% of world electricity, before most of the campuses on this map draw power.

  IEA — Key Questions on Energy and AI (2026), executive summaryPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-04-01

• Global data centre electricity, 2030 (IEA)

  ~950 TWh, ~3% of demand

  A doubling in five years; AI-optimised data centres more than quadruple over the same period.

  IEA — Key Questions on Energy and AI (2026), executive summaryPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-04-01

• US increase to 2030 (IEA)

  up to +240 TWh, +130% on 2024

  The US and China account for most of the growth; the US is where the grid fight is.

  DCD — IEA: data center energy consumption set to double by 2030Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2025-04-10

• IT capacity under construction, end-Sept 2025 (BloombergNEF)

  23.1 GW across 831 sites; 15.9 GW in the US

  A reported construction pipeline with its own coverage and IT-power basis; not directly comparable with this selected campus register.

  Data Center Knowledge — AI-first hyperscalers: 2026's sprint meets the power bottleneckPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-01-15

• Of ~16 GW slated for 2026 completion (Sightline)

  30–50% slips to 2027 or later

  Power procurement, transformers and permits, not concrete, set the pace.

  Archdesk — AI data center construction 2026: capex, cost per MW, delaysPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-06-01

• GE Vernova gas turbine backlog, end-Q2 2026

  116 GW; new orders deliver in 2031

  Reported turbine lead times can constrain projects planning gas generation; availability varies by equipment and contract.

  Utility Dive — GE Vernova gas turbine backlog climbs to 116 GWPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-23

• Top-5 hyperscaler capex, 2026 (CreditSights)

  $602 billion, +36%

  Most of it is data centers and the chips inside them.

  Data Center Knowledge — hyperscalers in 2026Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-01-15

• US data center construction, August 2026 (Census, annual rate, preliminary)

  $84.95 billion, +73% year on year

  Shells and power only — servers, racks, plants and transmission are counted elsewhere.

  Axis Intelligence — data center construction spending: Census dataPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-10-02

• US data center investment, 2025 (S&P Global)

  $63.35 billion; private equity 72%

  This is a transaction-market measure; it does not establish the accounting treatment of any tenant's commitments.

  S&P Global — private equity sends US data center deals to a 5-year highPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-05-15

• Largest private digital-infrastructure deal

  Aligned Data Centers, $40 billion

  AIP, BlackRock's GIP and MGX bought a developer, not a tenant — the shell is now the asset class.

  Aligned Data Centers — acquisition closesPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-03-01

• Stargate US sites by 2029 (Epoch AI)

  >9 GW across seven sites

  A reported development pipeline, including future phases, rather than delivered operating capacity.

  Epoch AI — where the US Stargate sites standPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-04-23

• US data center industry contribution to government revenue (PwC)

  $66.2bn (2017) → $162.7bn (2023)

  The fiscal case the industry makes; set it beside the incentives below.

  Georgia Tech — who benefits? (citing PwC)Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

• A typical site (Georgia Tech)

  ~1,500 to build, under 200 to run

  The jobs are in the construction phase; permanent headcount is small relative to the power draw.

  Georgia Tech — Data centers are booming. Who benefits?Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

• Local electricity price after a large facility enters (Georgia Tech)

  about +5%

  Where the effect can be measured cleanly it is real and modest; the PJM figure below is the system-wide version.

  Georgia Tech — Data centers are booming. Who benefits?Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

• PJM customer price increases attributed mainly to data center demand (market monitor)

  $23 billion through 2028

  A reported attribution in PJM; it does not establish the effect on every customer bill or other regions.

  Fortune — data centers have already hiked electricity prices by $23 billionPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-14

• US data center water use (DOE)

  ~17 billion gallons (2024) → ~80 billion by 2028

  Cooling water is the second grievance; outside-air and closed-loop designs are the industry's answer.

  Wikipedia — AI data center (citing DOE via The Guardian)Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-10-15

• Ohio data center tax exemptions, 2025

  $1.6 billion, 11× the projection

  Incentives scale with the capex they were written for, not the one that arrived.

  Georgia Tech — Data centers are booming. Who benefits?Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

• Loudoun County, Virginia property taxes over a decade

  cut ~30%, on ~250 data centers

  A reported local fiscal outcome; incentives, tax structures and infrastructure costs differ elsewhere.

  Georgia Tech — Data centers are booming. Who benefits?Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

• States offering data center tax incentives (NCSL)

  at least 38

  Incentive competition is national; at least 10 states forgo more than $100 million a year (Good Jobs First).

  Georgia Tech — Data centers are booming. Who benefits?Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-09

1. 2026-08
   Directive Texas
   Governor Abbott's directive to bar data centers from taking water or grid power communities need; he says it halted up to 1,800 projects (his own figure). (The Daily Signal — data center backlash brings thousands of projects to a haltPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-08-23)
2. 2026-07-14
   Moratorium New York
   Executive order creating the first statewide moratorium on new hyperscale data centers; Pennsylvania, Michigan and South Carolina considering pauses. (Resilience — the data center backlash that's uniting AmericaPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-23)
3. 2026-07
   Measured United States
   More than 300 cities, towns and counties with bans or moratoriums on hyperscale data centers (a count by The Information). (TIME — Community backlash to AI data centers is growing across the U.S.Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-22)
4. 2026-07
   Measured United States
   75 major projects worth more than $130 billion delayed or cancelled in the first three months of 2026, in part due to organised local opposition. (TIME — Community backlash to AI data centers is growing across the U.S.Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-07-22)
5. 2026-05
   Moratorium Seattle · Denver
   Seattle became the largest US city with a data center moratorium; Denver's council unanimously approved a one-year pause while it drafts rules. (Stateline — more cities are pressing pause on data centersPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-05-28)
6. 2026-05
   Rejection Sangamon County, Illinois
   A proposed six-month moratorium failed 5–3 in committee — moratoria do not always pass. (Stateline — more cities are pressing pausePublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-05-28)
7. 2026-04
   Lawsuit Memphis / Southaven
   NAACP, with SELC and Earthjustice, sued xAI alleging Colossus 2 gas turbines operate without Clean Air Act permits. (NAACP v. xAIPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-04-15)
8. 2025-12-12
   Connection policy Ireland
   CRU's Large Energy User Connection Policy ended the de facto Dublin moratorium: on-site dispatchable generation or storage matching import capacity, 80% additional Irish renewables over six years. (Environment+Energy Leader — Ireland's grid now asks which data centers are crediblePublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-01-20)
9. 2025-12
   Rejection Saline Township, Michigan
   The township rejected the Stargate site; the developers sued and acquired the land in a settlement. (Wikipedia — AI data center (Saline Township)Published: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2026-10-15)
10. 2024-01-01
    Moratorium Amsterdam region
    Hyperscale facilities over 10 hectares and 70 MW prohibited since January 2024 without a pre-2022 permit application. (DCD — the ongoing impact of Amsterdam's moratoriumPublished: not distinguished · Effective: not specified · Source checked: not recorded · Next review: not scheduled · Legacy source/access date: 2025-06-01)

1. 1.Power delivery belongs in the AI capacity decision.

   The Crane restart record describes a disputed connection timetable; the equipment figures describe long lead times. These examples suggest delivery risk, but do not establish that every on-time campus has its own generation.

   For: CFOs and technology leaders: verify a provider's delivery milestones and contingency capacity before committing spend.

2. 2.Community acceptance depends on who bears the costs and receives the benefits.

   The community register includes reported rate effects, water concerns, job commitments and tax incentives. Their relative importance varies by jurisdiction; a local study is not a universal forecast.

   For: Developers and advisers: test cost allocation and community commitments against the local evidence.

3. 3.Financing terms can matter as much as announced campus size.

   The Hyperion joint venture and Aligned acquisition show different ways to finance infrastructure. A JV alone does not establish off-balance-sheet accounting or transfer all risk from a tenant.

   For: Treasurers and investors: review lease obligations, guarantees, consolidation judgments and completion conditions.

4. 4.Separate construction employment from lasting local benefits.

   Abilene and Hyperion report different construction and permanent commitments. Local tax receipts also depend on incentives and ownership terms, so one county's outcome should not be generalized.

   For: Local governments and advisers: reconcile jobs, incentive costs and fiscal benefits over the project lifecycle.

5. 5.Power arrangements have different delivery and emissions profiles.

   Colossus has reported gas generation; Hyperion is under construction with gas-backed supply planned. Nuclear restarts, existing-plant PPAs and new reactors have different milestones. A contract does not prove physical supply or an achieved carbon outcome.

   For: Energy and sustainability leads: check asset status, connection evidence, hourly supply and accounting boundaries.

6. 6.Infrastructure creates several distinct advisory needs.

   The register points to procurement, project finance, permitting, community agreements, reporting and supply-chain questions. These are potential engagements, not evidence of a quantified market or a mandate.

   For: Partner / MD: connect a specific client exposure to a sourced development and a concrete diligence question.

For companies

• AI capacity sourcing: own, colocate or rent

  Signal: Hyperscaler capex at $602 billion and 30–50% of 2026 completions slipping.

  A capacity plan that prices cloud, colocation and dedicated builds against the model portfolio, with power as the binding constraint.

  On Koko: AI Stack Economics

• Energy procurement for AI load

  Signal: Nuclear PPAs from 2027, turbines sold out to 2031, Ireland's self-supply rule.

  PPA and behind-the-meter options, interconnection timing, and what the carbon ledger says to investors.

  On Koko: Build a power-procurement question in Ask Koko

• Sovereign and regional AI capacity

  Signal: Stargate UAE, Narvik, Visakhapatnam, Campus AI France, Ekibastuz.

  Data residency and export-control-aware placement for multinational AI workloads.

  On Koko: TMT Daily

• Supplier and customer exposure to the build-out

  Signal: GE Vernova, Vistra, Constellation, Talen, Oracle and the colocation majors each carry a sourced hook here.

  Read the operators and enablers on this page through their own filings.

  On Koko: Company hub

For professional-services firms

• Site selection and incentive negotiation

  Signal: At least 38 states with incentives; Ohio's $1.6 billion overrun; 300+ local pauses.

  Incentive modelling, abatement and sales-tax exemption structuring, and the community benefit agreement that gets a vote through.

  On Koko: Transform suite

• Power procurement and rate-case support

  Signal: Entergy's three plants for one customer; PJM's $23 billion; CRU's self-supply rule.

  PPA structuring, cost-allocation testimony, interconnection strategy and the tariff work utilities now run for single customers.

  On Koko: Transform suite

• Project finance, SPVs and transaction advisory

  Signal: Blue Owl–Meta, Aligned at $40 billion, private equity at 72% of deals.

  JV and SPV structuring, lease accounting, debt capacity, buy-side diligence on shells and power.

  On Koko: Accounting & Tax Watch

• Energy, water and emissions assurance

  Signal: DOE water figures, EU reporting rules, the Colossus permit suit.

  Metered reporting, PUE and water assurance, and the controls behind the sustainability claims in an offering memorandum.

  On Koko: Internal Control Screen

• Supply chain and construction cost control

  Signal: Turbines on a three-year lead, transformers behind them, $85 billion annual construction pace.

  Procurement strategy for long-lead equipment, schedule risk, and owner's-engineer cost control.

  On Koko: Process Architecture Studio

1. 2026-10-19
   Microsoft pulls plug on Essex data center development

   IT Pro

2. 2026-10-19
   Arm AGI CPU crushes AMD in new agentic AI benchmark — but what does its 2x rack-level performance advantage mean for the future of x86 data centers?

   TechRadar

3. 2026-10-17
   Microsoft's Maia 300 swaps raw compute for a 2.5x memory bandwidth gain as it moves to make in-house silicon its main AI engine, while claiming a 40% efficiency bump — could going the Google route be the pin that pops the Nvidia AI bubble?

   TechRadar

4. 2026-10-16
   AI Datacenter Capex Will Far Exceed Forecast Revenue Through 2030

   CIO Magazine

5. 2026-10-16
   Taking the routers out of fiber networks will unlock de-centralized data center architectures. Orange and NTT show how

   Diginomica

6. 2026-10-16
   32,768 cores and 74 petaflops: AMD's monster new rack for AI agents could be too much for traditional data centers

   TechRadar

7. 2026-10-15
   Data centre and cloud shares slide amid AI gloom

   IT Pro

8. 2026-10-14
   Dell Stock Plunges 11%, Leading Data Center Sell-Off as Fears Mount About 'Enterprise AI Timing'

   CNBC Technology

9. 2026-10-14
   Workday Rising: The Hot Topics of Enterprise AI Come to a Head — Pricing, Context, and (Giving Up) UX Control

   Diginomica

10. 2026-10-14
    Microsoft Debuts New Homegrown AI Chip, Plans to Deploy Multiple Gigawatts Next Year

    External (via citation)

11. 2026-10-14
    Microsoft Prepares to Put Gigawatts of Its Chips in Data Centers

    External (via citation)

12. 2026-10-13
    Meta exec blows OCP audience's mind with data center innovations

    Fierce Telecom